Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and energy. This surgery is commonly performed to treat conditions such as thyroid cancer, benign thyroid nodules, or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). It may also be indicated for cases of goiter, where the thyroid gland becomes enlarged and causes symptoms such as difficulty breathing or swallowing. The procedure can vary in extent, including total thyroidectomy, where the entire thyroid gland is removed, or partial thyroidectomy, where only a portion of the gland is excised. Thyroidectomy can be conducted through open surgery, involving a larger incision in the neck, or minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery. Despite its effectiveness, thyroidectomy carries several potential risks and complications. Common complications include infection, bleeding, and pain at the surgical site. There is also a risk of damage to the parathyroid glands, which are located near the thyroid and regulate calcium levels in the body, leading to potential issues with calcium balance. Additionally, there is a risk of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which controls vocal cord movement and can result in voice changes or hoarseness. Long-term effects of thyroidectomy may include hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Post-operative care involves managing pain, monitoring for complications, and ensuring proper thyroid hormone levels through follow-up evaluations and treatment adjustments.
